Family membership
Health insurance provides insurance benefits not just to insured persons but also to their dependent family members. These family members are referred to as "dependents". Family members must meet certain conditions related to "residency in Japan," "the extent of the family relationship," and "income" before they are authorized as dependents.
- Dependents must be certified by the Health Insurance Society.
- If there is any change in your dependents, submit notification of the change within five days.
Extent of family relationship
Only family members within the third degree of consanguinity may be certified as dependents. Conditions for dependent eligibility also vary depending on whether or not the family member lives with the insured person.
Income standards
To be certified as a dependent, a family member must live primarily off the income of the insured person.
| If the family member lives with the insured person | If the family member lives apart from the insured person |
|---|---|
| The family member's annual income must be less than 1.3 million yen (1.8 million yen if aged 60 or above, or a person with a disability that is eligible for receipt of Disability Employees' Pension benefits) and must be less than one-half the income of the insured person. | The family member's annual income must be less than 1.3 million yen (1.8 million yen if aged 60 or above, or a person with a disability that is eligible for receipt of Disability Employees' Pension benefits) and must be less than the amount of the allowance sent to the family member from the insured person. |
Government measures to address annual income barriers (starting in October 2023)
- Reference link
What are annual income barriers?
Annual income barriers refer to threshold income amounts that determine whether or not taxes and social insurance premiums are incurred.
Individuals who have dependent status and work part-time or other non-regular jobs will lose their dependent status if their annual income exceeds a certain figure, and become an insured person under a company health insurance plan, National Health Insurance, or other insurance system. They will then be required to pay social insurance premiums, which may result in lower take-home pay.
One of two different annual income barriers applies for social insurance premiums, depending on company size and other factors: 1.06 million yen or 1.3 million yen.
(Source: Provisional measures to address annual income barriers (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare))
| 1.06 million yen annual income barrier | At companies with 51 or more employees, an employee will incur social insurance premiums if certain conditions, such as when monthly wages are 88,000 yen or more (i.e., annual income is approximately 1.06 million yen or more), are satisfied. |
|---|---|
| 1.3 million yen* annual income barrier | Social insurance premiums are incurred automatically without exception, since the worker no longer meets the dependent eligibility criteria. |
- * 1.8 million yen if aged 60 or above or disabled
Handling for the 1.3 million yen annual income barrier
Although dependent certification is based on checking of taxation certificates and other documents from the previous year, if the worker’s annual income is expected to temporarily exceed 1.3 million yen due to longer hours because of labor shortage or other factors, the worker may choose to retain his or her dependent status simply by attaching a certificate from the employer.
(In principle, this handling is available no more than two consecutive times for a single worker.)
Handling for the 1.06 million yen annual income barrier
Companies that help increase worker income through means such as payment of allowances to encourage social insurance coverage* will be provided subsidies for a finite term.
* Allowances to encourage social insurance coverage
These allowances are intended to encourage employee insurance coverage for those working reduced hours and to reduce the burden of insurance premiums when workers who had been ineligible for insurance are newly covered by insurance.
Allowances to encourage social insurance coverage are to be paid apart from salaries and bonuses. They are not considered when calculating the standard monthly remuneration or standard bonuses used to determine insurance premiums.
- * Eligible persons: Those with standard monthly remuneration of 104,000 yen or less
- * Maximum allowance amount excluded from standard remuneration: Amount equivalent to the insurance premiums newly incurred by the employee due to insurance coverage
- * A time-limited measure not to exceed two years
New requirement concerning residency in Japan for dependent certification
From April 2020, a requirement related to residency in Japan is added to the requirements for certification of health insurance dependents. In principle, from April 1, 2020, those who do not have addresses in Japan cannot be certified as dependents (with certain exceptions - for example, students studying abroad).
Rationale underlying the domestic residency requirement
Determinations of residency are based on whether a person is registered to the basic resident register (i.e., whether or not the person has a certificate of residence). In principle, those who have certificates of residence in Japan meet the domestic residency requirement.
- Note: Even those who have certificates of residence in Japan will not satisfy the domestic residency requirement if they clearly do not reside in Japan - for example, those employed overseas.
Exceptions to the domestic residency requirement
Those whose livelihoods are recognized to be based in Japan, such as students studying abroad temporarily, are considered to meet the domestic residency requirement on an exceptional basis, even if they actually reside overseas.
[Cases qualifying as exceptions to the domestic residency requirement]
- (1) Students studying abroad
- (2) Family members accompanying an insured person posted abroad
- (3) Those traveling abroad temporarily for sightseeing, recreation, volunteer activities, or other reasons unrelated to employment
- (4) Those who enter into a family relationship to an insured person while the insured person is posted abroad
- (5) In addition to those described under (1)-(4) above, others whose livelihoods are recognized to be based in Japan in consideration of purposes of traveling abroad and other circumstances
Cases in which a person cannot be certified as a dependent even if he or she resides in Japan
Those who come to Japan on medical visas or on long-stay visas for sightseeing or recreational purposes cannot be certified as dependents, even if they reside in Japan.
Interim measure
As an interim measure, if a person who would lose his or her eligibility as a dependent due to the addition of the domestic residency requirement is hospitalized in a medical care institution in Japan as of the date of enactment of the requirement (April 1, 2020), his or her eligibility will continue during the period of hospitalization.
Dependent certification of self-employed persons (small business owners)
- According to conventional wisdom, self-employed persons (small business owners) are economically independent, they are solely responsible for the results of their business, and they maintain their own livelihood, so, in general, we request that they enroll in National Health Insurance.
However in cases where it is possible to judge that such a person primarily depends on the insured person for their livelihood, the person might be eligible to become a dependent. In such case, the Society will confirm the income of the self-employed person to judge whether they can in fact be certified. - The self-employment income is not equal to the income amount on the final tax return. It is instead calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold and direct necessary expenses from the sales amount earned as a result of the corresponding business.
If the self-employed person has any other sources of recurring income aside from their self-employment income (employment income, special and ordinary pension, etc.), the income before deduction is added to the self-employment income to find the total amount.
- * If the self-employment person is a representative of the corporate establishment, the person cannot become a dependent because such establishment must apply its own health insurance and Employees' Pension Insurance.
Which expenses are recognized as "direct necessary expenses?"
The minimum expenses that are necessary to run a business (such as raw material expenses in the case of a manufacturing business or the purchase price in the case of a wholesale or retail business) are recognized as direct necessary expenses.
Note that it is not possible to subtract tax-law-related expenses or expenses that are not recognized by the Society as direct necessary expenses. (For details on necessary expenses, see "Direct necessary expenses.")
If there has been a change in dependents
You must take specific steps if the number of dependents increases due to marriage or childbirth or a family member is no longer eligible as a dependent for reasons such as employment, living apart from the insured person, or death. The Health Insurance Society checks the eligibility status of dependents annually.